Engelbart, Douglas C., Watson, Richard W., and Norton, James C., The Augmented Knowledge Workshop, paper presented at the National Computer Conference in New York City, June 1973.

• A "knowledge worker" is a professional, managerial or technical worker for whom the primary context of work is the discovery and exploitation of existing knowledge amd the production of new knowledge (Peter Drucker)
  
• A "knowledge workshop" is "the place in which knowledge workers do their work".
• ARC focus is the improvement of the working environment for knowledge workers.
• Basically frames the need for a broad interdisciplinary view of CSCW ("a new discipline")
  

• Talks about the application domain of "knowledge tracking and organization" and a system for managing "working notes".
• Points out that most knowledge workers think that their technical skills are primary determiners of their effectiveness, but are not the usual focus of their efforts – most of that time and effort is devoted to general knowledge work.
• writing planning and design documents
• carrying on dialogues with others (in writing, in person, on phone)
• studying documents
• creating and filing ideas
  
• formulating problem-solving approaches
• coordinating work with others
• reporting results
• Focus should go towards serving these needs and expanding these capabilities.
• Anticipates many of the problems with current application development and delivery:
1. "Repetitive solutions or the same functional problems"
2. "Incompatibility between different application software systems"
3. Language skew between systems that discourage cross-usage.
• Assumptions about AKWs
• Embedded in computer network
• Coordinated set of user interface principles
• Grades of user proficiency
• Ease of communication between and addition of workshop domains
• User programming capability
• Availability of people support services
• Cost decreasing, capabilities increasing
• Range of workstations and symbol representations
• Careful development of methodology
• Changed roles and organizational structure

• Describes "bootstrapping", wherein they are using the knowledge workshop to develop the knowledge workshop and are abstracting general tools from their specific needs.

• View specifications are coded presentation descriptions for summarizing and restructuring NLS documents
• Navigation is enabled by providing a uniform addressing scheme and allowing addresses to be embedded in files, from which a user may "jump" to the specified location (following hyperlinks).
• Various relative navigation primitives wrt. file hierarchy.
• Multiple windows open simultaneously

• Allow both synchronous and asynchronous communication
• Full, multimedia teleconferencing environment with video on a screen along with shared documents.
• Recorded dialogue is enabled by a "Dialogue Support System" which seems to be combination of email archives, a shared repository, and a shared weblog called "The ARC Journal".

• Bringing the AKW's tools (NLS) to bear on software development
• Design review and collaboration is enabled by sharing and exchange of documents.
• The programming language developed is high level and structured using the same file structuring conventions as all other documents.

• NIC was the original home of the catalogue of names and Arpanet addresses of all nodes on the net.

• Moving the NLS system out of the lab
• Need to adapt systems to workers who are not developers, can be attracted to try something new, and who require stability.
• Basic structure mirrors NLS, but without much of the system development bent, so focused on:
• General document development
• simplification of NLS, but with much more emphasis on document appearance and publishing parameters
  
• Collaborative dialogue and teleconferencing
• same as NLS functionality but with easier setup and direction for new users
  
• Meetings and conferences
• use of teleconferencing system in place of face-to-face meetings and for broadcast of presentations
• Management and organization
• more org-chart sensitive set of tools for oversight and control.
• Handbook development
• first statement of the notion of a "superbook" that is a constantly updated summary of all of the work that an organization is doing, and the "best practices" in all working areas.
  
• Research Intelligence
• support for something more like Bush's Memex trails in terms of better facilities for coordinating both internally generated and externally generated items.
  
• Computer-based instruction
• correctly anticipates that one of the areas for potentially enormous impact of NLS-like technologies is in instructional support.
• Software engineering augmentation
• reiteration of proven advantages of using NLS as a platform for software development and the need for further work
• Knowledge workshop analysis
• groundwork for coevolution arguments

• Closes with a plea for vision and long-term commitment
• Shortly after publication of this work
• Xerox PARC began work on "personal" computers and ignored most of the network and collaboration goals of the system in favour of simple, individual document production and review
• DARPA deemphasized funding for the ARC because the view that "the network is at the center of everything we will do" was seen as being unrealistic and time-sharing was going out of favor as a research topic.